banner



Home  ›  What Are Reptile Bones Made Of What Is The Chemical Makeup Of Bone

What Are Reptile Bones Made Of What Is The Chemical Makeup Of Bone

Written By Thursday, June 9, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Os Tissue and the Skeletal System

Bone Structure

Learning Objectives

Past the finish of this department, y'all will be able to:

  • Identify the anatomical features of a os
  • Define and listing examples of bone markings
  • Describe the histology of bone tissue
  • Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone
  • Identify the structures that compose meaty and spongy bone
  • Depict how basic are nourished and innervated

Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the trunk. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that feature hardness. Subsequently discussions in this chapter will prove that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. This department will examine the gross anatomy of bone first so move on to its histology.

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The structure of a long bone allows for the best visualization of all of the parts of a bone ((Figure)). A long os has ii parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs betwixt the proximal and distal ends of the os. The hollow region in the diaphysis is chosen the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone.

Anatomy of a Long Bone

A typical long bone shows the gross anatomical characteristics of os.

This illustration depicts an anterior view of the right femur, or thigh bone. The inferior end that connects to the knee is at the bottom of the diagram and the superior end that connects to the hip is at the top of the diagram. The bottom end of the bone contains a smaller lateral bulge and a larger medial bulge. A blue articular cartilage covers the inner half of each bulge as well as the small trench that runs between the bulges. This area of the inferior end of the bone is labeled the distal epiphysis. Above the distal epiphysis is the metaphysis, where the bone tapers from the wide epiphysis into the relatively thin shaft. The entire length of the shaft is the diaphysis. The superior half of the femur is cut away to show its internal contents. The bone is covered with an outer translucent sheet called the periosteum. At the midpoint of the diaphysis, a nutrient artery travels through the periosteum and into the inner layers of the bone. The periosteum surrounds a white cylinder of solid bone labeled compact bone. The cavity at the center of the compact bone is called the medullary cavity. The inner layer of the compact bone that lines the medullary cavity is called the endosteum. Within the diaphysis, the medullary cavity contains a cylinder of yellow bone marrow that is penetrated by the nutrient artery. The superior end of the femur is also connected to the diaphysis by a metaphysis. In this upper metaphysis, the bone gradually widens between the diaphysis and the proximal epiphysis. The proximal epiphysis of the femur is roughly hexagonal in shape. However, the upper right side of the hexagon has a large, protruding knob. The femur connects and rotates within the hip socket at this knob. The knob is covered with a blue colored articular cartilage. The internal anatomy of the upper metaphysis and proximal epiphysis are revealed. The medullary cavity in these regions is filled with the mesh like spongy bone. Red bone marrow occupies the many cavities within the spongy bone. There is a clear, white line separating the spongy bone of the upper metaphysis with that of the proximal epiphysis. This line is labeled the epiphyseal line.

The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy os. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow expanse that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing os. When the os stops growing in early machismo (approximately xviii–21 years), the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.

The medullary cavity has a delicate bleary lining called the endosteum (end- = "inside"; oste- = "bone"), where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur. The outer surface of the bone is covered with a gristly membrane called the periosteum (peri– = "around" or "surrounding"). The periosteum contains claret vessels, fretfulness, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the periosteum. The periosteum covers the unabridged outer surface except where the epiphyses meet other basic to form joints ((Figure)). In this region, the epiphyses are covered with articular cartilage, a sparse layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts equally a daze cushion.

Periosteum and Endosteum

The periosteum forms the outer surface of bone, and the endosteum lines the medullary cavity.

The top of this illustration shows an anterior view of the proximal end of the femur. The top image has two zoom in boxes. The left box is situated on the border between the diaphysis and the metaphysis. Its callout magnifies the periosteum on the right side of the femur. The view shows that the periosteum contains an outer fibrous layer composed of yellow fibers. The inner layer of the periosteum is called the cellular layer, which is composed of irregularly shaped cells. The cellular layer gradually shrinks in width as it transitions from the metaphysis to the diaphysis. A small blood vessel runs through both layers and enters the bone. The right zoom in box magnifies the endosteum on the left side of the bone. The box is situated just inferior to the border between the diaphysis and the metaphysic. It calls out the inner edge of the compact bone layer. The magnified view shows concentric circles of dark colored bone matrix. Between the circles are small cavities containing orange, diamond-shaped cells labeled osteocytes. The left edge of the bone matrix is lined with a single layer of flattened cells called the endosteum. There is a large cell, labeled an osteoclast, between two of the endosteum cells. The osteoclast is cutting a depression into the bony matrix under the endosteum. At another part of the endosteum, three smaller osteoblasts are secreting a blue substance that builds up the outermost layer of the bony matrix.

Flat bones, like those of the cranium, consist of a layer of diploë (spongy bone), lined on either side by a layer of compact bone ((Figure)). The two layers of compact bone and the interior spongy os work together to protect the internal organs. If the outer layer of a cranial bone fractures, the encephalon is still protected by the intact inner layer.

Beefcake of a Flat Os

This cross-section of a flat bone shows the spongy bone (diploë) lined on either side past a layer of compact bone.

This illustration shows a cross section of a cranial bone, constructed somewhat like a sandwich. The topmost and bottommost layers are the thin, translucent, periosteum. The upper and lower periosteum cover an upper and lower layer of compact bone, respectively. The compact bone is solid, with each layer occupying about one tenth of the thickness of the cranial bone. The majority of the cross section is occupied by the spongy bone, or diploe, sandwiched between the upper and lower compact bone. The spongy bone contains many crisscrossing threads of bone. Dark air spaces occur between the threads, giving the bone a porous appearance, much like that of a sponge or Swiss cheese.

Bone Markings

The surface features of bones vary considerably, depending on the function and location in the body. (Figure) describes the bone markings, which are illustrated in ((Figure)). There are 3 general classes of bone markings: (1) articulations, (2) projections, and (3) holes. As the proper name implies, an articulation is where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = "joint"). These surfaces tend to adjust to one another, such as 1 being rounded and the other cupped, to facilitate the function of the articulation. A project is an expanse of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone. These are the zipper points for tendons and ligaments. In general, their size and shape is an indication of the forces exerted through the zipper to the bone. A hole is an opening or groove in the bone that allows claret vessels and fretfulness to enter the os. As with the other markings, their size and shape reverberate the size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the os at these points.

Os Markings
Marking Clarification Instance
Articulations Where two bones meet Knee joint
Head Prominent rounded surface Head of femur
Facet Flat surface Vertebrae
Condyle Rounded surface Occipital condyles
Projections Raised markings Spinous process of the vertebrae
Protuberance Protruding Chin
Procedure Prominence characteristic Transverse procedure of vertebra
Spine Sharp process Ischial spine
Tubercle Pocket-sized, rounded process Tubercle of humerus
Tuberosity Crude surface Deltoid tuberosity
Line Slight, elongated ridge Temporal lines of the parietal basic
Crest Ridge Iliac crest
Holes Holes and depressions Foramen (holes through which blood vessels tin pass through)
Fossa Elongated bowl Mandibular fossa
Fovea Minor pit Fovea capitis on the head of the femur
Sulcus Groove Sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones
Culvert Passage in bone Auditory canal
Fissure Slit through os Auricular cleft
Foramen Hole through bone Foramen magnum in the occipital os
Meatus Opening into culvert External auditory meatus
Sinus Air-filled space in os Nasal sinus

Os Features

The surface features of basic depend on their office, location, attachment of ligaments and tendons, or the penetration of blood vessels and nerves.

This illustration contains three diagrams. The left diagram is titled examples of processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach. The image shows an anterior view of the femur and an anterior view of the humerus. For the femur, the distal epiphysis contains a smaller lateral bulge and a larger medial bulge. These are examples of condyles. The inner halves of the two condyles as well as the groove between them compose a facet. An oval-shaped ridge on the medial surface of the distal metaphysis is an example of a tubercle. On the proximal epiphysis of the femur, the large knob that attaches to the hip socket is an example of a head. The tip of the head contains a small depression, an example of a fovea called the fovea capitis. On the humerus, the distal epiphysis contains a central depression that is an example of a fossa. Two condyles are located on the right and left sides of the fossa. The diaphysis of the humerus contains a small ridge running up the shaft that is an example of a tuberosity. The proximal epiphysis of the humerus contains a lateral and a medial bulge that are both examples of tubercles. Finally, a narrow groove runs from the center of the proximal metaphysis in between the medial and lateral condyles. This is an example of a sulcus. The middle image is entitled elevations or depressions. It shows an anterior view of the hip bones. The hip bones are shaped like two wings that join at the bottom. The crest along the upper edge of each hip bones, at the tip of each

Os Cells and Tissue

Bone contains a relatively small-scale number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide a surface for inorganic salt crystals to attach. These salt crystals form when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite, which incorporates other inorganic salts similar magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate as it crystallizes, or calcifies, on the collagen fibers. The hydroxyapatite crystals give bones their hardness and force, while the collagen fibers give them flexibility and then that they are not brittle.

Although bone cells compose a small corporeality of the bone volume, they are crucial to the office of bones. Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts ((Figure)).

Os Cells

Four types of cells are establish within bone tissue. Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts. When osteoblasts get trapped inside the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes, and they become osteocytes. Osteoclasts develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other os cells.

The top of this diagram shows the cross section of a generic bone with three zoom in boxes. The first box is on the periosteum. The second box is on the middle of the compact bone layer. The third box is on the inner edge of the compact bone where it transitions into the spongy bone. The callout in the periosteum points to two images. In the first image, four osteoblast cells are sitting end to end on the periosteum. The osteoblasts are roughly square shaped, except for one of the cells which is developing small, finger like projections. The caption says,

The osteoblast is the os cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, including the periosteum and endosteum. Osteoblasts, which practise not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts. As the secreted matrix surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within information technology; as a consequence, it changes in construction and becomes an osteocyte, the primary cell of mature bone and the nearly common type of bone cell. Each osteocyte is located in a space chosen a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity. They tin can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi (singular = canaliculus), channels within the bone matrix.

If osteoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, and then how are they replenished when old ones die? The reply lies in the backdrop of a tertiary category of bone cells—the osteogenic cell. These osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with loftier mitotic activeness and they are the but os cells that carve up. Young osteogenic cells are found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow. They differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.

The dynamic nature of os means that new tissue is constantly formed, and quondam, injured, or unnecessary bone is dissolved for repair or for calcium release. The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakup, is the osteoclast. They are found on bone surfaces, are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages, ii types of white claret cells, not from osteogenic cells. Osteoclasts are continually breaking downward old bone while osteoblasts are continually forming new bone. The ongoing balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is responsible for the constant simply subtle reshaping of bone. (Figure) reviews the os cells, their functions, and locations.

Bone Cells
Jail cell type Function Location
Osteogenic cells Develop into osteoblasts Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow
Osteoblasts Bone formation Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum
Osteocytes Maintain mineral concentration of matrix Entrapped in matrix
Osteoclasts Bone resorption Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

Compact and Spongy Bone

The differences between compact and spongy os are best explored via their histology. Most basic contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, merely their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone'southward overall function. Compact os is dense so that it can withstand compressive forces, while spongy (cancellous) os has open spaces and supports shifts in weight distribution.

Compact Bone

Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the ii types of bone tissue ((Effigy)). It can be found nether the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides back up and protection.

Diagram of Compact Bone

(a) This cantankerous-sectional view of meaty bone shows the basic structural unit, the osteon. (b) In this micrograph of the osteon, you can conspicuously see the concentric lamellae and central canals. LM × 40. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

A generic long bone is shown at the top of this illustration. The bone is split in half lengthwise to show its internal anatomy. The outer gray covering of the bone is labeled the periosteum. Within the periosteum is a thin layer of compact bone. The compact bone surrounds a central cavity called the medullary cavity. The medullary cavity is filled with spongy bone at the two epiphyses. A callout box shows that the main image is zooming in on the compact bone on the left side of the bone. On the main image, the periosteum is being peeled back to show its two layers. The outer layer of the periosteum is the outer fibrous layer. This layer has a periosteal artery and a periosteal vein running along its outside edge. The inner layer of the periosteum is labeled the inner osteogenic layer. The compact bone lies to the right of the periosteum and occupies the majority of the main image. Two flat layers of compact bone line the inner surface of the ostegenic periosteum. These sheets of compact bone are called the circumferential lamellae. The majority of the compact bone has lamellae running perpendicular to that of the circumferential lamellae. These concentric lamellae are arranged in a series of concentric tubes. There are small cavities between the layers of concentric lamellae called lacunae. The centermost concentric lamella surrounds a hollow central canal. A blue vein, a red artery, a yellow nerve and a green lymph vessel run vertically through the central canal. A set of concentric lamellae, its associated lacunae and the vessels and nerves of the central canal are collectively called an osteon. The front edge of the diagram shows a longitudinal cross section of one of the osteons. The vessels and nerve are visible running through the center of the osteon throughout its length. In addition, blood vessels can run from the periosteum through the sides of the osteons and connect with the vessels of the central canal. The blood vessels travel through the sides of the osteons via a perforating canal. The open areas between neighboring osteons are also filled with compact bone. This

The microscopic structural unit of measurement of meaty bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (atypical = lamella). Running downwards the center of each osteon is the cardinal canal, or Haversian canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known equally Volkmann's canals, to extend to the periosteum and endosteum.

The osteocytes are located inside spaces called lacunae (singular = lacuna), found at the borders of adjacent lamellae. As described earlier, canaliculi connect with the canaliculi of other lacunae and eventually with the central canal. This system allows nutrients to exist transported to the osteocytes and wastes to be removed from them.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Like compact bone, spongy os, as well known as cancellous bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, merely they are non arranged in concentric circles. Instead, the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-similar network of matrix spikes chosen trabeculae (singular = trabecula) ((Figure)). The trabeculae may announced to be a random network, simply each trabecula forms along lines of stress to provide forcefulness to the bone. The spaces of the trabeculated network provide residuum to the dense and heavy compact bone by making basic lighter so that muscles can move them more hands. In add-on, the spaces in some spongy bones contain cherry marrow, protected by the trabeculae, where hematopoiesis occurs.

Diagram of Spongy Bone

Spongy bone is equanimous of trabeculae that contain the osteocytes. Red marrow fills the spaces in some bones.

This illustration shows the spongy bone within the proximal epiphysis of the femur in two successively magnified images. The lower-magnification image shows two layers of crisscrossing trabeculae. The surface of each is dotted with small black holes which are the openings of the canaliculi. One of the trabeculae is in a cross section to show its internal layers. The outermost covering of the lamellae is called the endosteum. This endosteum surrounds several layers of concentric lamellae. The higher-magnification image shows the cross section of the trabeculae more clearly. Three concentric lamellae are shown in this view, each possessing perpendicular black lines. These lines are the canaliculi and are oriented on the round lamellae similar to the spokes of a wheel. In between the lamellae are small cavities called lacunae which house cells called osteocytes. In addition, two large osteoclasts are seated on the outer edge of the outermost lamellae. The outermost lamellae are also surrounded by groups of small, white, osteoblasts.

Aging and the…

Skeletal Organisation: Paget'south Disease Paget's illness usually occurs in adults over age twoscore. Information technology is a disorder of the os remodeling process that begins with overactive osteoclasts. This means more bone is resorbed than is laid downwardly. The osteoblasts effort to compensate but the new bone they lay downwards is weak and breakable and therefore prone to fracture.

While some people with Paget'south affliction accept no symptoms, others experience pain, bone fractures, and bone deformities ((Figure)). Basic of the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs are the most unremarkably affected. When occurring in the skull, Paget's disease tin can cause headaches and hearing loss.

Paget's Illness

Normal leg basic are relatively directly, but those affected by Paget'due south disease are porous and curved.

This illustration shows the normal skeletal structure of the legs from an anterior view. The flesh of the legs and feet are outlined around the skeleton for reference. A second illustration shows the legs of someone with Paget's disease. The affected person's left femur is curved outward, causing the left leg to be bowed and shorter than the right leg.

What causes the osteoclasts to become overactive? The answer is yet unknown, only hereditary factors seem to play a role. Some scientists believe Paget'south disease is due to an as-yet-unidentified virus.

Paget's disease is diagnosed via imaging studies and lab tests. 10-rays may show bone deformities or areas of os resorption. Bone scans are also useful. In these studies, a dye containing a radioactive ion is injected into the body. Areas of bone resorption have an analogousness for the ion, and so they volition light upward on the scan if the ions are captivated. In addition, blood levels of an enzyme called alkaline phosphatase are typically elevated in people with Paget's illness.

Bisphosphonates, drugs that decrease the activeness of osteoclasts, are often used in the handling of Paget's disease. However, in a pocket-size percentage of cases, bisphosphonates themselves have been linked to an increased risk of fractures because the old bone that is left afterwards bisphosphonates are administered becomes worn out and brittle. Still, most doctors feel that the benefits of bisphosphonates more than than outweigh the chance; the medical professional has to weigh the benefits and risks on a case-past-example basis. Bisphosphonate treatment can reduce the overall adventure of deformities or fractures, which in turn reduces the risk of surgical repair and its associated risks and complications.

Blood and Nerve Supply

The spongy bone and medullary cavity receive nourishment from arteries that laissez passer through the compact bone. The arteries enter through the food foramen (plural = foramina), minor openings in the diaphysis ((Effigy)). The osteocytes in spongy os are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy os and blood that circulates in the marrow cavities. Equally the blood passes through the marrow cavities, information technology is nerveless by veins, which and so pass out of the bone through the foramina.

In addition to the blood vessels, nerves follow the same paths into the bone where they tend to concentrate in the more metabolically agile regions of the os. The nerves sense pain, and information technology appears the fretfulness likewise play roles in regulating claret supplies and in bone growth, hence their concentrations in metabolically active sites of the os.

Diagram of Blood and Nerve Supply to Bone

Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramen.

This illustration shows an anterior view if the right femur. The femur is split in half lengthwise to show its internal anatomy. The outer covering of the femur is labeled the periosteum. Within it is a thin layer of compact bone that surrounds a central cavity called the medullary or marrow cavity. This cavity is filled with spongy bone at both epiphyses. A nutrient artery and vein travels through the periosteum and compact bone at the center of the diaphysis. After entering the bone, the nutrient arteries and veins spread throughout the marrow cavity in both directions. Some of the arteries and veins in the marrow cavity also spread into the spongy bone within the distal and proximal epiphyses. However, additional blood vessels called the metaphyseal arteries and the metaphyseal veins enter into the metaphysis from outside of the bone.

Watch this video to meet the microscopic features of a bone.

Chapter Review

A hollow medullary crenel filled with yellow marrow runs the length of the diaphysis of a long bone. The walls of the diaphysis are meaty bone. The epiphyses, which are wider sections at each end of a long os, are filled with spongy bone and ruby-red marrow. The epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage, is replaced past osseous tissue every bit the organ grows in length. The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining chosen the endosteum. The outer surface of bone, except in regions covered with articular cartilage, is covered with a fibrous membrane chosen the periosteum. Flat basic consist of 2 layers of meaty bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone. Bone markings depend on the function and location of bones. Articulations are places where two bones run into. Projections stick out from the surface of the bone and provide attachment points for tendons and ligaments. Holes are openings or depressions in the basic.

Bone matrix consists of collagen fibers and organic ground substance, primarily hydroxyapatite formed from calcium salts. Osteogenic cells develop into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are cells that make new bone. They get osteocytes, the cells of mature bone, when they get trapped in the matrix. Osteoclasts appoint in bone resorption. Compact bone is dumbo and composed of osteons, while spongy bone is less dumbo and made up of trabeculae. Blood vessels and nerves enter the bone through the nutrient foramina to nourish and innervate bones.

Review Questions

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

  1. bone growth
  2. bone remodeling
  3. hematopoiesis
  4. shock absorption

The diaphysis contains ________.

  1. the metaphysis
  2. fat stores
  3. spongy bone
  4. compact bone

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

  1. periosteum
  2. epiphysis
  3. endosteum
  4. diaphysis

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

  1. osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  2. osteocytes and osteoclasts
  3. osteoblasts and osteocytes
  4. osteogenic cells and osteoclasts

Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?

  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoprogenitor cells

Which of the following are plant in compact bone and cancellous os?

  1. Haversian systems
  2. Haversian canals
  3. lamellae
  4. lacunae

Which of the following are only plant in cancellous os?

  1. canaliculi
  2. Volkmann'southward canals
  3. trabeculae
  4. calcium salts

The surface area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of os marking?

  1. a hole
  2. a facet
  3. a culvert
  4. a scissure

Disquisitional Thinking Questions

If the articular cartilage at the end of ane of your long bones were to degenerate, what symptoms do you recall you would experience? Why?

If the articular cartilage at the terminate of one of your long basic were to deteriorate, which is actually what happens in osteoarthritis, you would experience joint pain at the terminate of that bone and limitation of motion at that joint because at that place would be no cartilage to reduce friction betwixt adjacent basic and there would be no cartilage to human action equally a shock absorber.

In what means is the structural makeup of compact and spongy bone well suited to their respective functions?

The densely packed concentric rings of matrix in compact bone are platonic for resisting compressive forces, which is the function of compact os. The open up spaces of the trabeculated network of spongy bone allow spongy os to support shifts in weight distribution, which is the function of spongy bone.

Glossary

articular cartilage
sparse layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
joint
where two bone surfaces meet
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte'south many cytoplasmic extensions that information technology uses to communicate and receive nutrients
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains claret vessels, fretfulness, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian culvert
meaty os
dumbo osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs betwixt the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
diploë
layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in apartment bones
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a os'south medullary cavity
epiphyseal plate
(likewise, growth plate) canvas of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an young bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long os; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
pigsty
opening or depression in a bone
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that firm an osteocyte
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
food foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an avenue enters the bone to provide nourishment
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new os
osteoclast
jail cell responsible for resorbing bone
osteocyte
primary jail cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
osteogenic prison cell
undifferentiated jail cell with high mitotic activeness; the merely bone cells that split; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
osteon
(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix
perforating culvert
(as well, Volkmann'southward canal) channel that branches off from the central culvert and houses vessels and fretfulness that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
projection
os markings where part of the surface sticks out to a higher place the residuum of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
spongy bone
(likewise, cancellous os) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
trabeculae
(atypical = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiologyopenstax/chapter/bone-structure/

Posted by: brooksthenat1986.blogspot.com

0 Response to "What Are Reptile Bones Made Of What Is The Chemical Makeup Of Bone"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel